From 1947 to Operation Sindoor: History of India-Pakistan clashes
India and Pakistan have had a long and troubled relationship since gaining independence in 1947. The main cause of tension between the two countries has been the Kashmir region. Over the years, this conflict has led to several wars and military operations.
1947 – First Indo-Pak War
Right after independence, Pakistan-backed tribal fighters invaded Kashmir. India responded by sending troops. The war ended in 1949 with a ceasefire by the United Nations, dividing Kashmir into Indian-controlled and Pakistan-controlled parts.
1965 – Second War
Pakistan started Operation Gibraltar to send fighters into Kashmir. India responded strongly, and both countries suffered heavy losses. A ceasefire was signed with help from the Soviet Union and the U.S.
1971 – Bangladesh Liberation War
In 1971, India helped East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) fight for independence from West Pakistan. The war ended with Pakistan’s surrender and the creation of Bangladesh. This was a major defeat for Pakistan.
1999 – Kargil War
Pakistani soldiers and militants captured Indian territory in Kargil. India launched Operation Vijay to push them back. After intense battles in the mountains, India regained control. This war raised fears of nuclear conflict.
2016 – Surgical Strikes
After a terrorist attack on an Indian Army base in Uri, India carried out surgical strikes on terrorist camps in Pakistan-occupied Kashmir. This marked a shift in India’s defense policy towards proactive action.
2019 – Balakot Air Strikes
In response to the Pulwama attack, where 40 Indian soldiers died, India bombed a terrorist training camp in Balakot, Pakistan. This was the first such airstrike since 1971.
2025 – Operation Sindoor
After a deadly terror attack in Pahalgam that killed 26 civilians, India launched Operation Sindoor. In just 25 minutes, Indian missiles struck nine terror camps in Pakistan and POK, killing over 80 terrorists. One of the camps was linked to the 26/11 Mumbai attacks.
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